HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) attacks the body's immune system and, if left untreated, can lead to AIDS. Thanks to modern treatment, people living with HIV can now live long and active lives, but there is still no vaccine that protects against HIV.

HIV is not spread through everyday social contact. You cannot become infected through air, food, water, toilets, cutlery, handshakes, hugs or by being in the same environment as someone living with HIV.

How is HIV transmitted?

HIV can be transmitted through:

• unprotected sexual contact
• blood transfusions in countries where donated blood is not adequately screened
• sharing needles and syringes
• tattooing, piercing or acupuncture using non-sterile equipment
• medical or dental instruments that have not been properly sterilised

Sexual contact while travelling

Unprotected sexual contact carries a risk of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. You cannot tell by looking at someone whether they have HIV or another infection.

Condoms reduce the risk of HIV transmission and also provide important protection against several other sexually transmitted infections and unintended pregnancy.

If you are concerned about possible exposure

If you think you may have been exposed to HIV and are still travelling, contact a reputable clinic at your destination as soon as possible rather than waiting until you return home. In some situations, post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) may be appropriate. Treatment should be started as soon as possible, preferably within 24 hours and no later than 72 hours after the possible exposure.

HIV testing is available through primary care clinics, infectious disease clinics and specialist sexual health services.